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Website Practice: O-V - Archive

Online Advertising

  • Behavioral Targeting Heats Up, By Janis Mara. Clickz, March 12, 2004. "In another sign that the behavioral targeting space is heating up, Revenue Science, which enables publishers to target ads to audiences based on their online behavior, has won two new major clients..."
  • Bye-bye, pop-ups. Hello ...? News Story by Liane Cassavoy. PCWorld, Computerworld, March 10, 2004. "Pop-up ads, those reviled windows that intrude on your Web surfing, seem to be on the decline. But don't celebrate yet: New forms of advertising that may be just as annoying and even more intrusive are likely to replace them..."
  • Was It Better Ads? Or Better Analytics? By Jason Burby. Clickz, March 16, 2004. "Greetings from the good-news/bad-news desk. The good news is The Wall Street Journal says online advertising's back in vogue. The bad news is the WSJ missed the real reason why..."
  • Banner Year for Online Ads - 2003 marks second-strongest year on record as advertisers score $7.3 billion in revenues, By Jon Surmacz. CIO.com, April 28, 2004. "Online advertising revenues neared peak levels in 2003, boosted by a strong fourth quarter and spending on keyword search terms and rich media, according to a recent report..."
  • Online Advertising Effectiveness? Tell Me About It! Part 1, by Jim Novo. Web Pro News, 6 May 2004. "Well, I got some positive feedback on the last Webtrends article so I figured I would toss in another. I don't want to sound like a shill for WebTrends, but I don't know how you manage a web business without detailed log analysis. WebTrends is not nearly as good as the system I used for the CBS/SportsLine "points for page views" loyalty program, but then again, not many of you probably need something with that much horsepower. Or do you? Let me know..."
  • Search for Tomorrow - The next generation of online ads promises the most targeted and trackable messages ever. Meet the future of advertising. By Alison Overholt, Illustrations by, Monika Aichele. Fastcompany.com, Issue 85, August 2004, Page 69, "It was an advertiser's worst nightmare. Last summer, the New York Post ran a breathless story about a gruesome murder in which the victim's body was hacked to pieces, the parts stashed in an old suitcase. Opposite the online version of the story ran an advertisement cheerily touting the benefits of . . . luggage..."
  • Relevant Banners Reduce User Ire, By Kevin Newcomb. Clickz, September 9, 2004. "Most people would find banner ads less annoying if they were more relevant to their interests or needs, according to a study released today by the Ponemon Institute..."
  • Online Advertising May Cost More Than You Think, By Heidi Cohen. Clickz, October 28, 2004. "Like most marketers, you probably consider online advertising less expensive than other media. You probably think you have a good sense of your average cost per action (CPA). But do you really know how much you spend to acquire customers online?..."
  • Internet marketing motto: be useful, by Gerry Mcgovern. New Thinking, November 29, 2004 - Volume 9 Number 45."E-marketing is about substance over show, logic over emotion, and text over graphics. Good web marketers follow the Google motto: be useful..."
  • The Most Hated Advertising Techniques. Jakob Nielsen's Alertbox, December 6, 2004. Summary: Studies of how people react to online advertisements have identified several design techniques that impact the user experience very negatively.
  • All Roads Lead Online: Convergence and the Future of Advertising, By Gord Hotchkiss - Search Engine Guide, December 13, 2004. "The single biggest effect of the online revolution will be to remove the existing degrees of separation between us and virtually anything in the world. What ever we wish will be put in finger tip’s distance. Every scrap of information, every shred of data will be a mouseclick (and a few dollars) away..."
  • Beyond Click-Through: Measuring Online Advertising's Wider Effect, By Julian Smith. Clickz, April 11, 2005. "As has been widely observed and reported by Jupiter Research over the last few years, consumers of all types are spending more time online, both in the U.S. and Europe. Growing PC ownership and usage (at home and work), growing broadband adoption, increasingly untethered access, and the platform's multifunctional nature have positioned the Internet playing in an ever-greater, more central role in consumers' lives. Consumers increasingly go online for information, communication, and entertainment at the expense of other, more traditional media (e.g., TV and print)..."
  • Internet Ad Spend Creeping up on TV, By Kevin Newcomb. Clickz, April 18, 2005. "Internet advertising revenue is growing at a faster clip than television advertising, which could slowly begin losing its global share of revenue in 2007, according to the latest ad spend predictions from ZenithOptimedia..."
  • Prepping Online Advertising Newbies, By Hollis Thomases. Clickz, April 12, 2005. "Online advertising is experiencing a resurgence. Though I'm grateful when new business comes my way, more than ever I feel like I'm on a carousel ride, breaking in advertisers who never advertised online before, only to start anew with the next client..."
  • Study: Online Ad Budgets to Swell to $26 Billion by 2010, By Pamela Parker. Clickz News, May 3, 2005. "Online budgets are set to swell $26 billion, or 8 percent of total advertising and marketing spending, by 2010. That's according to a new five-year forecast by Forrester Research..."
  • Web Advertsing: Its All About The Click Thrus! by Rod Davis. Web Pro News, 11 May 2005. "Working in research and development for a large infomercial company, I had many opportunities to do large advertising campaigns with lots of different online advertising agencies and Internet marketing companies. I would literally go online for days researching companies and the types of advertising they offered to find just the right ones to meet the needs of our company..."
  • Browser makers warned against ad-blocking, By Renai LeMay. ZDNet Australia, 23 June 2005. "The end of free Internet content will come when Web browsers start blocking online advertisements by default, a Double Click executive has warned. Bennie Smith, the online advertising network's privacy chief, told ZDNet Australia  the popularity of tools like Adblock -- an extension to the Mozilla Firefox browser -- which makes blocking online ads simple was tied to "a negative vibe against advertising in general"..."
  • Web search ads to top banners by 2010 - research. stuff.co.nz, 9 August 2005. "NEW YORK: Internet search advertising is set to overtake more commonplace online banner advertising by 2010, as online sales double to $US18.9 billion, up from $US9.3 billion at the end of 2004, JupiterResearch said on Monday..."
  • Online advertising shows dramatic growth, by Dahna McConnachie. Computerworld, 9 September 2005. "Australia's online advertising market grew 62.7 percent to reach $488 million in the last year, according to the results released this week by the Audit Bureau of Verification Services (ABVS)..."
  • Know Your Target Audience. Enquiro Marketing Monitor, November 14, 2005. "Some time ago I was discussing website marketing content with a new client. It seemed that no matter what content and writing style we suggested to the client – he simply did not agree. He knew what he wanted to see when he got to a website - and we were simply off base..."

Online Surveys

  • Keep Online Surveys Short. Jakob Nielsen's Alertbox, February 2, 2004. Summary: To ensure high response rates and avoid misleading survey results, keep your surveys short and ensure that your questions are well written and easy to answer.
  • Risks of Quantitative Studies. Jakob Nielsen's Alertbox, March 1, 2004. Summary: Number fetishism leads usability studies astray by focusing on statistical analyses that are often false, biased, misleading, or overly narrow. Better to emphasize insights and qualitative research.
  • How to Effectively Conduct an Online Survey, by Vivek Bhaskaran. Marketingprofs, September 9, 2003. "So you’ve decided to conduct an online survey. There are a few questions in your mind that you would like answered, and you are on the lookout for a fast and inexpensive way to find out more about your customers, clients and so on..."
  • 20 Top tips to writing effective surveys. Promotion Data, February 5, 2005. "Writing surveys is easy; or is it? The truth is that writing surveys is easy but writing effective surveys is more difficult. The following are twenty tips that if followed will help you write more effective surveys..."
  • The Webmaster's Assistant. Promotion Data, February 11, 2005. "There are many tools available to a webmaster to analyse website traffic allowing them to monitor the number of visitors, see what pages have been accessed and even the length of time each visitors spends accessing the website..."
  • Caroline's Corner: Survey Response Rates? 2% is not Good Enough, Submitted by Caroline Jarrett. Source: UN, 30 June 2005. "In the 1950s, a well-designed survey could often achieve over 90% response rates. Since then, response rates have consistently declined. But I was still a bit shocked the other day when a post on a usability discussion group quoted a ‘typical response rate of 2%’ as if that were something we all knew as a fact..."
  • The Most Important Thing You Can Do as a Business Owner, By Ryan P. M. Allis, CEO Broadwick Corp. Email Marketing Resource Centre, July 2005. "What is the single most important thing you can do as a business owner? That is a question that this week I think I have found an answer to. The answer? Keep your ear to the marketplace by listening to your customers..."
  • Six Variables of Online Surveys, By Neil Mason. Clickz, September 20, 2005. "Previously, I looked at the need to combine detailed data from site analysis systems with additional consumer insight gleaned from surveys. Today, some thoughts on how to ensure your surveys are as effective as possible..."

Opera browser gaining users, by John Borland. ZDNet Australia, August 6, 2003. "Opera Software said Tuesday that its Web browser had been downloaded a record 10 million times already this year, showing growing signs of use despite Microsoft's continued dominance..."

Page Not Found

  • Minimizing 404 Not Found Errors. ecommerce-guide.com, August 27, 2002. "When a Web site visitor requests a nonexistent URL from a Web server, the server sends the visitor an error page. This event is recorded as a 404 Not Found error in the Web server log. Encountering an error page is a frustrating experience for a Web site visitor, and studies have indicated this is a leading reason why people leave Web sites..."
  • The Perfect 404, by Ian Lloyd. A List Apart, 16 January 2004 – Issue No. 168. "Oops. Something went wrong. You’re not sure what — was it you? Was it the website? What do you do now? Welcome to the world of the Error 404 page. You’ve requested a page — either by typing a URL directly into the address bar or clicking on an out-of-date link and you’ve found yourself in the middle of cyberspace nowhere. A user-friendly website will give you a helping hand while many others will simply do nothing, relying on the browser’s built-in ability to explain what the problem is. We can do better than that, can’t we?..."
  • Keep visitors on your web site with custom 404 pages. Promotion Data, Wednesday, June 23 2004. "You've probably seen many "404 not found" pages when surfing the web. A "404 not found" page is the page that comes up when someone tries to access a web page that doesn't exist..."
  • Communicating error messages accessibly. Standards Schandards, 25 June 2005. "Errors in web applications be divided into two groups..."
  • Turn Harmful 404 Error Pages Into Helpful 301 Redirects, by Tony Simpson. Web Pro News, 11 August 2005. "It's a fact, Page Not Found, known as a 404 error, can harm your website Ranking with Search Engines as well as being a Turn-Off for Visitors..."
  • 301 Redirects And Domains With And Without WWW, by Jaan Kanellis. Web Pro News, 9 September 2005. "Man am I sick of this issue. I personally think every website should have a 301 redirect (or something similar in effect) set up so that either the domain with or without the www is the primary. Why? I will tell you!..."

Paid Content Trend Is Dangerous - But Not for the Reason You Think, By Steve Outing. Editor & Publisher, January 27, 2003 "The trend of news Web sites charging for content is clear -- and it's dangerous..."

Patents

  • Royalty-Free Patent Policy Last Call Published - 14 November 2002: The Patent Policy Working Group has released the Royalty-Free Patent Policy as a Last Call Working Draft. The draft governs the handling of patents in the process of producing and implementing W3C Recommendations. Comments are welcome through 31 December. Read more in the press release and visit the patent policy home page.
    • W3C bows to royalty-free pressure, By Margaret Kane. CNET News.com, November 14, 2002. "An Internet standards body has decided to drop a controversial proposal that would have allowed patent holders to charge royalties on technology used in Web standards...."
  • W3C - Comment on Final Draft of Royalty-Free Patent Policy - 19 March 2003: The Patent Policy Working Group has released a Working Draft of the Royalty-Free Patent Policy for review by the W3C Advisory Committee and the public. The draft governs the handling of patents in the process of producing and implementing W3C Recommendations. Comments from both W3C Members and the public are welcome through 30 April. Read an informative summary and the press release and visit the patent policy home page.
  • W3C Approves Patent Policy 21 May 2003: The World Wide Web Consortium has approved the W3C Patent Policy based on review by the W3C Advisory Committee and the public. Written by the Patent Policy Working Group, the policy received more support from the Membership than any Recommendation in recent history. The policy encourages royalty-free Web standards. It governs the handling of patents in the process of producing and implementing W3C Recommendations. Read the public Director's decision and the press release and visit the patent policy home page.

The perils of Web site liability, by Mark Greisiger. Risk Management - July 01, 2002. "You have read about the cyberdangers of hacking, privacy breaches, ISP/ASP instability, unprotected wireless networks and server flood attacks that cause business outages, but have you considered the full extent of the liability that results from these events as well as from expanding legislation regulating online activities and Web site maintenance? ..."

Portable Network Graphics (PNG)

  • W3C - PNG Second Edition Is a W3C Proposed Recommendation: 27 May 2003: W3C is pleased to announce the publication of the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification (Second Edition) as a Proposed Recommendation. Comments are invited through 23 June. PNG is a graphics file format for raster images. Indexed-color, grayscale, and truecolor images are supported, plus an optional alpha channel. The document is in the final stages of standardization at ISO as an International Standard, ISO/IEC 15948. Read about the Graphics Activity.

Press Releases

  • Press Releases: Not Dead, Just Evolved, By Harry Hoover. Site Pro News, 29 July 2005. "Mark Twain once said the rumors of his death had been greatly exaggerated. The same may be said for the press release. It's not dead, but its mission has evolved. Those PR practitioners who are spreading these death rumors would have you believe that press releases should never be written, nor distributed. I take issue with this old-school thinking..."

Promotion Tip: Site Promotion With Testimonials, by Larisa Thomason, NetMechanic, May 2003, Vol. 6, No. 9. "How do you find a good doctor, babysitter, or Web designer? Most people start by asking friends and coworkers for suggestions. Word-of-mouth is more credible than other types of advertising because people listen to their friends and respect their opinions..."

Proving to senior management your website delivers value, by Gerry McGovern. New Thinking, September 12, 2005 - Volume 10 Number 35. "It's time for public websites and intranets to show clearly how they are delivering value. The first step in doing this is to understand how senior management thinks about value..."

Public Awareness of Internet Terms - Memo, by Lee Rainie. Pew Internet, 20 June 2005. "The average American internet user is not sure what podcasting is, what an RSS feed does, or what the term “phishing” means..."

Readability

  • Readability.info offering readability scores, style, grammar, school paper analysis, readability scores (Kincaid, ARI, Coleman-Liau, Flesch, Fog, Lix and SMOG) for Web pages or Microsoft Word files: see UP WritePoint Review - "Curious about how complex your documents or Web pages are to read? You don't have to get a team of experts to generate your readability score: you can just use readability.info to analyze the characteristics of your writing and ascertain a multitude of readability scores. By comparing the readability score of different documents (or Web pages) you can better hone your writing and make sure that you aren't creating overly complex sentences and paragraphs for your audience...."

Return on Investment

  • ROI analysis for Web services, By Gunjan Samtani, ZDNet Australia, November 6, 2002. "Learn the formula for calculating the financial metrics and the methodologies you can use to analyse your Web services ROI..."
  • An interview with Kelly Goto, By Craig Saila. Digital Web Magazine, 5 March 2003. "Digital Web: In the lean-and-mean times of the post-dot-com period, return on investment (ROI) has become much more important. What are some of the immediate effects of this on Web development?..."
  • The ROI of ROI, By Alan K'necht. Digital Web Magazine, 13 March 2003 "So you’ve thought about calculating the ROI of a proposed change to your Web site or for proposing upgrades to servers, software, hardware, or anything else that has to do with your project. When facing this daunting task, you choose to skip it because it's too time consuming. Perhaps you want to measure the ROI of a change you made, and you’re either lost at how to do it or overwhelmed at the time it will take to track and measure it..."

Risk Management

  • Risky Business, By Andy Budd. Digital Web Magazine, August 18, 2004. "It’s risky out there. It sounds like a cliché, but the world we live in is a risky place. To survive in this hostile environment, we’ve become very good at identifying and managing risk..."

Safeguarding Australia’s web resources: guidelines for creators and publishers. National Library of Australia, June 2002. "On-going access to information resources published on the web is under threat due to changes in the computer technologies that are needed to use them. Dependence on particular hardware and software may result in resources becoming unusable when their support technology becomes obsolete. Australian web resources form a significant part of our documentary heritage and action must be taken now to safeguard them for use into the future..."

The secret of managing a successful website, by Gerry McGovern, New Thinking, April 19, 2004 - Volume 9 Number 15. "The Web is about self-service. To achieve success in self-service you need to really understand how your visitors think and behave. If they are to serve themselves they must feel comfortable and confident. That requires getting to know their needs in a comprehensive manner. It requires an ongoing conversation with them..."

Security

  • Securing the Information you put online, by Rosemarie Wise. Promotion Data, August 19, 2003. "In the early days of the Internet, it would have been possible to publish pages on the web that would be seen only by the people it was intended for, simply by putting it in another web directory that wasn't public knowledge. Now, the assumption that no one will find "hidden" pages of a web site no longer holds true; a few simple techniques can betray the existence of these hidden pages or data files and you should take care now, more than ever, to protect any information that could be regarded private or confidential..."

Semantic Markup

  • Writing Semantic Markup, By Joshua Porter & Richard MacManus. Digital Web Magazine, September 5, 2005. "The biggest and most welcome change on the Web in the last five years has been the astronomical growth of Web feeds: XML files containing a snapshot of a Web site’s newest content that saves readers a tremendous amount of time. In 2000, there was only a handful of feeds. In 2005, there are millions..."

Seminars

  • Archiving Web Resources - National Library of Australia, Canberra 9 - 11 November 2004. "Web resources form an important part of a nation's national documentary and cultural heritage. Institutions with responsibility for collecting and providing long-term access to information face many issues in extending their responsibility to Web resources. The conference will advance understanding of the issues through presentations on ways in which the Web is being used. It will also review progress with addressing the issues at the institution level and through major international research endeavours..."

Seven Tips For A Successful Internet Marketing Campaign, by William Siebler. Promotion Data, September 20, 2003. "Often there can seem to be very little difference between two marketing campaigns. However the difference between average marketing and profitable marketing is immense. Here are my 7 tips for ensuring success from your marketing campaign..."

Seven Ways to Jump Start Your New Website, By Donald Nelson. Web Pro News, 29 January 2003. "You've just got a new website and it looks beautiful, but unless you take some active steps to promote it, it will just sit there like a new car without any gas and empty tires..."

Smart Internet

Soap

Spamproof Your Site, by Dan Thies. SitePoint Tribune, 31 October 2002. "Anyone who operates their own Website knows that you need to provide a way for visitors to contact you by email. The big challenge is to provide easy email access to your visitors, without letting junk mail flood your inbox. The techniques described in this article have enabled me to dramatically reduce the amount of junk mail I receive through all my sites..."

Stakeholders

  • Understanding Organizational Stakeholders for Design Success, by Jonathan Boutelle. Boxes and Arrows, May 6, 2004. "Who stakeholders are and why they matter - Stakeholders are defined as “individuals or organizations who stand to gain or lose from the success or failure of a system” (Nuseibeh & Easterbrook, 2000). For a software system, this can include managers, designers, and users of a system. Since, by definition, stakeholders are those who are impacted by (or have an impact on) the project, their perspectives need to be taken into account in order for a project to be successful. Stakeholders can have positive or negative views regarding a given project, and often don’t agree with one another, making it a challenge to reconcile their varied viewpoints..."

Standards

Sticky Websites

  • Sticky Sites Rule The Internet, By Bonnie Jo Davis. Site Pro News, 20 April 2005. "Read through the hundreds of forums and bulletin boards on the internet and you will find dozens of threads centering on the lack of web site traffic. All the other remaining threads bemoan the difficulty of getting visitors to return long enough to buy something. Then there are the threads about the complexity of getting listed and ranked well in important search engines..."

Subscriber Lists

  • Building A Solid Subscriber List - A Fundamental of Web Marketing, by Viki Nygaard. Promotion Data, April 1, 2003. "It's a fact of sales life. When people trust you, they buy from you. The imperative question has always been "How do I get people to trust me online"? Building a subscriber list can be a relatively inexpensive form of marketing that has a three-fold pay-off... building trust, gaining permission to send marketing messages, and increasing sales..."

System alert: web meltdown - Just when you thought it was safe to do all your business online comes another warning that the internet is about to crash. Wendy Grossman talks to the doomsayers. The Independent, 8 September 2004. ""Internet due to collapse - clueless users and networks blamed." You could have written that headline at any time in the 20 years since the internet began, as a collection of networks connecting five regional supercomputing centres in the US, and it would always have been half true: it's always been on the verge of not quite working. Equally, it has never really failed, not even on September 11, 2001, when terrorist attacks took out a key New York telecommunications node..."

Target Audience

  • Focus On Your Target Audience! By Robin Nobles. Web Pro News, 27 July 2004. "Search engine optimizers often forget who our true audience really is. We get so wrapped up in trying to please the search engines that we forget to focus on our target audience: our users..."

The Text Email Newsletter (Ten) Standard - "designed to ease navigation of plain text email newsletters by all readers, including people with visual impairments using special access technologies...."

The 30-second rule, By Brad Chen. Computerworld, 24 July, 2002. "In 1999 a Zona Research Inc. report popularized the "8-second rule," which held that if a company's Web page does not download within 8 seconds, users will go elsewhere. Since the report's publication, many Web sites appear to have lost track of the customer experience...."

Transactional Databases

  • The Winter TopTen Program - "Earlier this year, Winter Corporation launched a new campaign to identify the world's largest and most heavily used databases - the Winter TopTen Program.  Results of this campaign are complete and a special, interactive teleconference is planned for December 10th to present key findings of the survey... Check out the TopTen award winners from the 2003 TopTen Survey..."
    • Customs, PTO databases rank in world’s top 10, By Joab Jackson. Government Computer News, 12 December 2003. "U.S. government agencies run two of the world’s 10 largest transactional databases, according to a survey released this week by database consultant Winter Corp. of Waltham, Mass..."

Trends in the Evolution of the Public Web - 1998 - 2002, by Edward T. O'Neill, Brian F. Lavoie, Rick Bennett. D-Lib Magazine, April 2003, Volume 9 Number 4. "The swiftness of the World Wide Web's ascension from obscure experiment to cultural icon has been truly remarkable. In the space of less than a decade, the Web has extended into nearly every facet of society, from commerce to education; it is employed in a variety of uses, from scholarly research to casual browsing. Like other transformational technologies that preceded it, the Web has spawned (and consumed) vast fortunes. The recent "dot-com bust" was a sobering indication to organizations of all descriptions that the nature and extent of the Web's impact is still unsettled..."

Trial Near in Patent Case on Key Internet Technology, By John Markoff. New York Times, 20 February 2003. SAN FRANCISCO, Feb. 19 — "The patent claims of a 74-year-old inventor over a technology that is the foundation of virtually all online commerce will come to trial next week in a court test that could force huge payments from some of the Internet's most powerful companies..."

Undetectable 'son of cookie' system wins grant, By John Lettice. The Register, 7 May 2002. "The developers of a 'son of cookie' web monitoring system have received a Proof of Concept grant from Scottish Enterprise to commercialise the system. Their non-cookie based web monitoring software does not (as indeed the name suggests) rely on cookies, but instead is intended to replace them with something far more powerful..."

Unwritten Internet Rules, By Bryan Eisenberg. Clickz, June 24, 2005. "...The Internet is no exception. It has its share of silly (though unwritten) rules that the masses seem eager to follow. Solid rules and best practices are great for managing well-established systems and keep social order. Online, following unwritten rules can be a recipe for rotten conversion. Here are a few of my favorite unwritten Internet rules..."

UIEtips Feature: No Standard for Migrating to Web Standards, By Josh Porter, User Interface Engineering. UIETips Newsletter, August 27, 2002. "Lately, it seems like everyone is talking about migrating to web standards, like XHTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). What's the big deal about these standards? Why should web teams invest the effort to learn new coding techniques and convert all their legacy sites over to standards-compliant sites? ..."

URIs

  • W3C Supports the URI Standard and IRI Proposed Standard 2005-01-26: W3C is pleased to announce its support for two publications that are important for Web addressing and increase the international reach of the Web. The documents are coordinated efforts of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and W3C. Read the press release.
    • Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax (RFC 3986, STD 66) was written by Tim Berners-Lee (W3C), Roy Fielding (Day Software) and Larry Masinter (Adobe) with involvement of the W3C Technical Architecture Group (TAG). Simple text strings that refer to Internet resources, URIs may refer to documents, resources, to people, and indirectly to anything. URIs are the most fundamental component of the Web.
    • Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) (RFC 3987) was written by Martin Dürst (W3C) and Michel Suignard (Microsoft) with involvement of the W3C Internationalization Working Group. Lifting the limitation of URIs to a subset of US-ASCII, IRIs allow characters in the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646). Content developers and users can now identify resources in their own languages.

Unlocking URLs: Extensions, Shortening Options, and Other Oddities, By Greg R. Notess. Online, v.27, no.3, May/June 2003. "Yes, I know, for those on the Net for years, Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) seem pretty obvious and self-explanatory. URLs are now so prevalent in all kinds of media that it is easy to get rather blasé about them. Yet as the Web matures, the sophistication of how URLs can be used has increased as well. With Web site redesigns commonplace, extensions often change; citations using URLs continue to be a problem; and URLs are getting longer..."

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